Role Of The Other In Dracula English Literature Essay

Role Of The Other In Dracula English Literature Essay Bram Stokers Dracula and Kate Chopins The Awakening centralises on the characters of Count Dracula and Edna Pontellier in the respective novels, characters marked as the Other for their distinction in racial and cultural traits and their transgression to strict Victorian social codes of conduct in the late nineteenth century. This essay explores the role and presentation of the Other in Count Dracula and Edna Pontellier on the issues race, culture, marriage and how the Other is represented through literary techniques such as language, symbolism, imagery and narrative strategies. In Dracula, Stoker uses visual imagery in his description of the Count, of his strange and undeniable racial foreignness in his threatening appearance and physical features, where his eyebrows were very massivebushy hair that seem to curl in its own profusion (Stoker 17). In Jonathan Harkers report, he further notices of Dracula: Strange to say, there were hairs in the centre of the palm and the nails were longto a sharp point (Stoker 18), features associated with nefarious criminals and evil beings that lack spiritual values and moral standards. A criminal is what Professor Van Helsing describes Dracula as: This criminal has not full man-brainbe of child-brain in much (Stoker 341), followed by Mina Harker: The Count is a criminal and of criminal type (Stoker 342); Stoker models Dracula as a degenerate criminal that poses serious danger to the society and uses Draculas intimidating features to represent his criminality, compounding his racial Otherness. In The Awakening, Chopin uses the same narrative technique of visual imagery where she describes Edna Pontellier as rather handsome than beautifulcertain frankness of expressioncontradictory subtle play of features (Chopin 5). Chopin brings out Ednas racial foreignness by comparing and contrasting her beauty and body forms to that of Adele Ragtinolle, a Creole descent who is the embodiment of every womanly grace and charm (Chopin 10). Ednas distinct attractiveness, being an American from Kentucky and different from the physical exotic dispositions of Creole women stands her out as different, whose form of beauty attracts men such as Robert and Victor Lebrun as well as Alcee Arobin. In his novel, Stoker portrays Draculas outsider status, contrasting his archaic Transylvanian cultural origins in Eastern Europe to that of modernized Western Europe where Jonathan Harker comes from. On his arrival in Bistritz, Jonathan describes the primitive land where things were new to him, such as the peasant man or woman kneeling before a shrine and Slovaks with their-coloured sheepskinscarryingtheir long staves, with axe at end (Stoker 8). He compares the unfamiliar Eastern superstition to his native Western rationality when a woman offers him her crucifix for his safety against Dracula, for he has been taught to regard such things as in some measure idolatrous (Stoker 5). Different in every respect from English nobles, Dracula asserts Jonathans and his cultural dissimilarity: We are in Transylvania; and Transylvania is not England. Our ways are not your ways, and there shall be to you many strange things (Stoker 21). As a solitary American woman who marries a Creole from New Orleans, Edna experiences cultural dissimilarity and struggles to come to terms with the cultural norms of the Creole society, where a womans place and fulfilment is restricted in the domestic realm. Just as Adele Ragtinolle positions Edna as an Other: she is not one of us; she is not like us (Chopin 23), Edna is surprised by the Creoles entire absence of prudery and freedom of expression (Chopin 12), where intimate conversations such as childbirth are openly discussed, sex to women are considered not for pleasure but rather for procreation and flirtations do not cross the boundaries of infidelity; such were the social codes in the Creole community which Edna feels growingly restrictive and eventually breaches. Where Dracula attempts to assimilate the cultural identity of the English, Edna resists the social conventions of the Creoles, yet in his assimilation and her resistance, both characters violates and threaten the soci al and cultural order of the society they are in. Stoker combines the theme of sexuality with violence in Dracula. The Count is portrayed as a revenant with a bloodlust in the human body and is primarily a sexual threat not only to women but even to men. Dracula expresses his contempt for authority and Victorian order in the most independent means through his sexuality. He possesses the hypnotic and seductive prowess that attract involuntary women into his clutches and holds the feministic role of reproduction, as his victims do not die but transform into vampires themselves, embracing a new racial identity and marking them as the Other. The magnitude of threat to the civilized society Dracula carries through his sexuality is illustrated first through Lucy Westenras transformation from an amiable Victorian lady to a voracious predator and then through Draculas grave personal invasion of Mina Harker in the very presence her husband, Jonathan, who lay asleep beside her. In the theme of sexuality in The Awakening, Chopin paints a picture of Edna as a woman trapped in a stifled marriage and who is plagued by a mixture of feminist and psychological issues. Unlike the mother-women of the Creole community who are protective of and idolized their children, Ednas motherly instincts are seemingly weak and is uncharacteristically distant from her two sons (Chopin 10). If one of the little Pontellier boys took a tumblehe was not apt to rush crying to his mothers arms (ibid.). Ednas discovery of her dormant sexuality stirs her longing desire for liberty and independence from the confines of male domination and a marriage she feels disillusioned with. Her outward sexuality ensues with her forbidden declaration of love for Robert Lebrun to Mademoiselle Reisz (Chopin 90), and also her act of adultery with Alcee Arobin for her growing need for passion, which breeds immorality and transgresses the conservative social values of the New Orleans Creole community. In Stokers novel, blood symbolises the basis of life to Dracula, which he feeds off his victims that not only sustain his physical but soulless existence but also provides its mythical ability to preserve beauty, as Jonathan noted in Draculas youthful transformation in a coincidental encounter in Exeter, England (Stoker 172). Stoker then symbolises blood with racial contamination because of the close connection between the vampire and blood, with all its implications of purity and genetic intimacy. Stoker also creates a symbolic contrast between English modernity in science and technology and Draculas embodiment of the primitives and superstitions, where Draculas threat hinges on the advance of modernity which brushes off the very reality of such a revenant as Dracula himself who seeks to destroy the society. Chopin similarly uses symbolism in the very introduction of her novel, where caged birds bear symbolic reference to Ednas restricted and subservient role as a wife and mother that society presses upon her and in the same way the birds cannot escape from their cages, Edna too cannot fully release herself from her obligations. Before Edna drowns in the conclusion to the novel, she notices a bird with a broken wing was beating the air abovedisabled down to the water, perhaps symbolizing Ednas unsuccessful attempt at escaping the limitations and boundaries in her role as a woman and foreshadowing her impending demise (Chopin 127). The ocean also represents a source of new life and a symbol of liberation for Edna, in where she feels rejuvenated and assertive upon her self-actualization of her dissatisfaction in her life and of her roles. Her acquisition in the ability to swim symbolically empowers her of her sexuality and her chosen identity and not one decided by the society. There is no single authorial voice in Dracula; rather than adopting a continuous narrative voice, Stokers writing style is straightforward and immediate, interlinking extracts from the journals of various characters that creates ambiguity but adds much realism to the story. Dracula is not given a narrative voice and his actions and mysterious whereabouts are only revealed by the progress other characters, in such a way that unambiguously positions readers as jury in the realm of the good in the battle against the evil Other in Dracula. A single authorial voice is adopted by Chopin in her novel in the form of a distant third-person omniscient. Chopins formal prose relays a sense of solemn gravity to the story and she adopts a writing style that is perceptive and concise. In her narration, she alternates between being specific on some occasions and vague on others, for example: It was the kiss of lifethat kindled desire and Edna cried a little that night after Arobin left herThere was with her an overwhelming feeling of irresponsibility, which strongly suggests their transgression of societal conduct through their phase of adultery (Chopin 92). However, Chopin uses implicit details to guide readers, perhaps to mitigate the foregone conclusion to which her text implies, in a her time when Victorian values still prevailed. Both Stoker and Chopin uses several literary techniques in Dracula and The Awakening, including foreshadowing, symbolism and imagery that reveals the Otherness in Dracula and Edna in their difference in fundamental ways from the society accompanying them. Through artful imagery and language that convey perceptive descriptions and ideas, characters and scenes in both novels come to life, making a vivid reading experience.

Chemistry (Redox)

Experiment 1 : Redox Titration Using Sodium Thiosulphate Abstract This experiment is to determine the concentration of oxidizing solution using the iodine/ thiosulphate titration where the reducing solution is potassium iodate solution and the oxidizing solution is sodium thiosulphate solution. Potassium iodate solution which is an oxidizing agent is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium iodide. This reaction will release iodine. Potassium iodide is acidified with sulphuric acid and the iodine released quickly titrated with sodium thiosulphate until it become light yellow.The iodine then detected with starch solution and it turn into dark blue solution and titrated again with sodium thiosulphate until colourless. From the reaction occur, the amount of the iodine can be determined and based on this amount, the concentration of oxidizing agent which released iodine can be determined. Introduction Redox titration using sodium thiosulphate as a reducing agent is also known as iodometric titration. The reaction is:- I2(aq) + 2NA2S2O3(aq) 2Nal(aq) + 2Na2S4O6(aq) I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq)2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq) In this equation, I2 has been reduced to I-: S2O32-(aq)S4O62-(aq) + 2e- I2(aq) + 2e- 2I-(aq) The iodine/ thiosulphate titration is a general method for determining the concentration of oxidizing solution. A known volume of an oxidizing agent is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium iodide. The reaction will release iodine:- Example: a. With KMnO4 2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+ (aq)+ 10I-(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2(aq) + 8H2O(I) b. With KIO3 O3-(aq) + 5I-(aq) + 6H (aq) 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(aq) The iodine that is released is titrated with a standard thiosulphate solution.From the stoichiometry of the reaction, the amount of iodine can be determined and from this the concentration of the oxidizing agent, which released the iodine, can be calculated. Aims a. To prepare a standard solution of potassium iodate use in determining the concentration of a sodium thiosulphate solution accurately. b. To learn the proper technique for titration. Theory In an iodometric titration, starch solution is used as an indicator as it absorbs the iodine that is released. This absorption will cause the solution to change to a dark blue colour.When this dark blue solution is titrated with the standard thiosulphate, iodine will react with the thiosulphate solution, the dark blue will disappear. So the end point of the titration is when the dark blue solour disappear. It is difficult for iodine to dissolve in water. Iodine is usually dissolves in water by adding an excess of KI so that KI3, which has similar properties to iodine, is formed. I2(aq) + KI(aq)KI3 .I3-(aq) + 2e-3I-(aq) APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS 50-mL beaker250-mL volumetric flask Glass rodBurette 25-mL pipettePipette filler 3 ? 250-mL conical flaskMagnetic fleaPotassium iodate crystals (KIO3)Potassium iodide (KI) 1M H2SO4Starch solution ca. 0. 1M sodium thiosulphate solution Level of miniscus Pull the stopcoc k in against the taper each time you turn it. A sheet of white paper or towel below the flask will help in recognizing the colour change at the end point. Swirl the flask continuosly until one drop of titrant causes a colour change throughout the entire solution. Swirl the flask continuously until the drop of titrant causes a colour change throughout the entire solution. METHODOLOGY : A. Preparation of potassium iodate solution . 0. 75 g of potassium iodate crystals is weighed accurately in 50-mL beaker. 2. 25 mL distilled water are added into beaker and stirred with glass rod to dissolve all the potassium iodate. 3. The potassium iodate solution is poured into a 250-mL volumetric flask. The beaker is rinsed with distilled water and the washings are poured into the volumetric flask. 4. Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask up to the graduated level. The volumetric flask is stoppered and shook well in order to get a homogeneous solution. B. Standardization of 0. M sodium t hiosulphate solution 1. A burette is filled with the 0. 1M sodium thiosulphate solution to be standardized. There are no air bubbles in the burette. 2. The initial reading of the burette is recorded in table 1. 1. 3. 25-mL of standard potassium iodate solution prepared in part A are pipetted into a 250-mL conical flask and a magnetic flea is added into conical flask. 4. 1 g of potassium iodide, KI, is weighed approximately and it is placed in a 50-mL beaker. 5. 10. 0 mL of 1. 0M sulphuric acid solution are added and are swirled until all the KI dissolved. . This solution is added to the conical flask containing the potassium iodate solution and it is immediately titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution, while it is stirred using a stirrer hot plate, until a ligth yellow solution is obtained. Then, the solution is diluted with distilled water until the total volume is about 100 mL. Then, 1. 0 mL of starch solution is added and the titration is continued until the blue colour di sappears and the solution become colourless. . The final reading of the burette is recorded in the table 1. 1 . The procedures are repeated twice as the results is more accurate. CALCULATIONS : 1. Complete chemical reaction equation for reaction between ; i. iodate and iodide ions, IO3- + 5I-+ 6H+ >3I2 + 3H2O ii. iodine and thiosulphate ions, [ I2 + S2 O32- > 2I- + S4O62-]? 3 > 3I2 + 6S2 O32- > 6I- + 3S4O62- 2. Calculate the molarity of the KIO3 solution. Mass of KIO3 = 0. 75 g Volume of KIO3 = 250 mL Relative molecular mass of KIO3, = 39. 0983+126. 9045+3(15. 994) = 214. 001 g mol-1 Number of mole KIO3, = 0. 75 g ? 214. 001 g mol-1 = 0. 0035 mol Thus, Molarity of KIO3, = 0. 0035 mol ? 0. 25 L = 0. 014 mol L-1 3. The mole ratio between the iodate and thiosulphate ions is determine from the equation given are IO3- + 5I-+ 6H+ >3I2 + 3H2O [ I2 + S2 O32- > 2I- + S4O62-]? 3 3I2 + 6S2O32-> 6I- + 3S4O62- IO- : 6S4O62- 1:6 4. The molarity of the sodium thiosulphate bM1V1 = aM2V2 6(0. 014)(0 . 50) = 1(M2)(0. 021) M2= 2 M2= 0. 0210. 0211 = 0. 995 mol 5. The molarity of potassium iodide solution IO3- + 5I-+ 6H+ >3I2 + 3H2O Moles of KI- = 1g ? 1 mole of KI39+127 Molarity of KI3 = aM2V2bV2 = 1(21. 14100L)(0. 1008M)6101000L =0. 0355 M KIO3 Moles of KI3 = MV1000 =0. 003? 101000 =0. 00036 mol KIO3 Excess mole of I- = 0. 0060 – 0. 0018 =0. 0042 mol I- 0. 0060 mol0. 0042 mol = 250 mlx X =17. 5 mL 3I2 + 6S2O32-> 6I- + 3S4O62- Ratio of iodide to thiosulphate 5 : 6 bM1V1 = aM2V2 Molarity of KI = 50. 1008g(21. 141000l)6(17. 51000l) =0. 1014 M KI DISCUSSIONRedox titration using sodium thiosulphate is also known as iodometric titration. Sodium thiosulphate acts as reducing agent an at the same time it undergoes oxidation and release electron. In this titration, potassium iodate, KIO3, is used as an oxidizing agent. Potassium iodate solution is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium. This reaction release iodine. Iodine reacts with sodium thiosulphate. The reaction is: I2 (aq) + 2Na2S2O3 (aq) 2NaI (aq) +Na2S4O6 (aq) I2 (aq) + 2S2O32- (aq) 2I- (aq) + N4O62- (aq)In this equation I2 has been reduced to I- 2S2O32- (aq) S4O62- (aq) + 2e- I2 (aq) + 2e- 2I- (aq) In this iodometric titration, we use starch solution as an indicator as it absorbs the iodine that is released. The absorption causes the solution to change to dark blue colour. When the dark blue solution is titrated with the standard thiosulphate, iodine react with the thiosulphate solution. When all the iodine has reacted with the thiosulphate solution, the dark blue colour disappear. So, it is the end point of the titration when the dark blue colour disappear.However, there are a few aspects that need to be considered during the experiment. Firstly, the indicator should only be added after the titration has begun. This is because it is difficult to release the iodine while titrating with the thiosulphate. This will affect the end point. Hence, the addition of the starch should only be do ne when the colour of the solution is light yellow. Secondly, to avoid the iodine from evaporating, the solution must be titrated immediately with the sodium thiosulphate after the solution is mixed with potassium iodide,KI. The precaution taken: Wear safety goggles in the laboratory during the experiment. * Washed the effected skin immediately when in contact with chemicals * Wear gloves when taken the chemical substances. CONCLUSION The experiment was performed in order to determine the concentration of oxidizing solution. Potassium iodate, KIO3, as an oxidizing agent is added into an excess solution of acidified potassium iodide and from the reaction, iodine is released. The iodine that is released is titrated with a standard sodium thiosulphate. From the calculation, the molarity of potassium iodate is 0. 014g/cm3.

How does Steinbeck present Crooks in the extract? Essay

Assignment Title: How does Steinbeck present Crooks in the extract? What is the importance of crooks in the novel as a whole? Of Mice and Men is a powerful and moving portrayal of two men striving to understand their own unique place in the world. Drifters in search of work, George and his simple-minded friend Lennie have nothing in the world except each other – and a dream. A dream that one day they will have some land of their own. Eventually they find work on a ranch, but their hopes are doomed, as Lennie – struggling against extreme cruelty, misunderstanding and feelings of jealousy – becomes a victim of his own strength. Of Mice and Men does many things which include: tackling universal themes, friendship and a shared vision, and giving a voice to America’s lonely and dispossessed; and in this essay about this poignant novel I will explain how ‘Crooks’ a key character in this book is presented, and also show his importance to the novel as a whole. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Crooks is a black man and is disfigured because of his crooked back. Because of these two things, he is treated as a second-class citizen. We can see that he is treated this way by looking at this extract: â€Å"Crooks, the negro stable buck, had his bunk in the harness-room; a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. On one side of the little room there was a square four paned window, and on the other, a narrow plank door leading into the barn. Crooks’ bunk was a long box filled with straw, on which his blankets were flung.† From this extract, we are told many things about crooks. Firstly, in the opening sentence of the extract, we are told that crooks is a â€Å"negro stable buck†. We know straight away that he is different because of the fact that his colour was mentioned; none of the other characters in the book were described by the colour of their skin, showing that crooks has been separated from them based upon his colour. Crooks has his own bunk in the harness room, where the tacking for the horses is kept. The idea of the harness room is important because Crooks, like the rest of the characters, are literally in harness to the job on the ranch. They work like the animals until they have outlived their usefulness. Crooks, more than the rest, is seen as animal-like because of the colour of his skin. His living space is also second-class to the bunkhouse. We can see this because the room is said to be no more than â€Å"a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn†. This shows that his living space is very small and not meant for a person to live in. The room that he lives in is of poor quality, â€Å"a narrow plank door† and the fact that his room has a door, which leads onto the barn further prove that he is being treated like an animal. His room is ill equipped for living in â€Å"Crooks had his apple box over his bunk, and in it a range of medicine bottles, both for himself and the horses†. This show that he has been deprived of a simple human necessity; storage. Even though Crooks is a more permanent worker, he has to resort to an apple box to put his possessions in. In addition, Crooks keeps the medicine for the horses with as well has keeping his own medicines in the same box. He sees himself s other people see him; equal to animals. By looking at Crook’s personal belongings, we can get a greater insight into what sort of person he is. In Of mice and men, the possessions in his room are said to â€Å"scattered about the floor† because â€Å"being a stable buck and a cripple, he was more permanent than other men, and he had accumulated more possessions than he could carry on his back†. From this, we get a keys fact : One ,Crooks is different from other people because unlike the migrant workers, whose job can only last for a season and are dependant on crops, Crook’s job is dependant on the horses, which are needed all year round. This makes him less likely to have to look for work elsewhere; the ranch is more dependant on him than the migrant workers. Two, because his belongings are strewn on the floor, you can begin to assume he does not have many visitors. The next paragraph tells us in detail of Crook’s possessions, among which are â€Å"a tattered dictionary and a â€Å"mauled copy of the California civil code for 1905†. The books indicate that he has been well educated, as many people in the 1930’s were illiterate. Both the dictionary and the civil code book are said to be severely worn, and this indicates he takes a great in interest in knowing his rights. He has read these books so carefully so as to be treated fairly and equally as possible, and even though the book is several years old, he has to make do with what he’s been given. Crooks is a proud man, and does not mix easily with the other ranch hands: â€Å"He kept his distance and demanded that other people kept theirs†. Memories from the past could be the reason behind this; Crooks used to be welcomed by his white friends when he was younger on his dad’s farm, but he soon became aware of racial prejudice when he became a teenager. He understands that he is not wanted on the ranch, and he also used to express the men’s the racial hatred when they â€Å"go after† him when they fight. We can tell that crooks is not well nourished :†his lean face lined with deep black wrinkles†, but if we read on we also know that he is in pain â€Å"pain-tightened lips†. The cause of his pain seems to be his back injuries. Steinbeck describes how he is rubbing his spine with liniment when Lennie goes to see him. â€Å"In one hand he held a bottle of liniment, with the other the rubbed his spine. Now and then he poured a few drops of the liniment into his pink-palmed hand and reached up under his shirt to rub again. He flexed his muscles against his back and shivered.† As readers, we empathise with Crooks because he is not treated equally with dignity, and we know from this that Steinbeck believes in equality and fairness. The other men are not cruel to him, but he is aware of their racism and resents it: â€Å"They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black.† A key moment in Steinbeck novel is when Lennie goes to see Crooks. It’s appropriate that when we see him in his own environment of the harness room he is defensive of his environment, telling Lennie that if he is not allowed in the white men’s area, then they are not allowed in his. But unlike the rest of the ranch workers, Lennie sees no reason why he should not visit Crooks’ room. Lennie’s childlike mind does not recognize the idea of racial segregation, so seeing Crooks’ light on, he decides to call in. We soon learn that the other men never visit Crooks. Although he grumbles at first about Lennie being there, he soon invites him to sit down and talk. For once, Crooks feels important and he talks freely to Lennie about his life on the ranch. We learn that Crooks was not â€Å"a southern negro†. When he says this to Lennie it is to show he has status, he was not a slave from the south; he was born and treated as a child equally â€Å"The white kids come to play at our place ,an’ sometimes I went to play with them, and some of the was pretty nice† We notice how Crooks begins to pour out his personal feelings to Lennie because he believes that Lennie doesn’t really understand him, and because, â€Å"A guy can talk to you and be sure you won’t go blabbin†. He justifies his speaking to Lennie by saying â€Å"This is just a nigger talking†¦So it mean nothing see?† It is just after this point that we come to understand just how lonely Crooks is, his need for socialisation and his deprivation. â€Å"I seen it over an over an over- a guy talking to another guy and it don’t make no difference if he don’t hear or understand. The thing is they’re talking or they’re settin or they’re settin and still not talking. It make no difference, no difference.† We can see what Crook’s main need is – companionship. Just to be able to talk to someone- even if they’re not listening is all he wants. Because of this deprivation its seems as though he tries to make the most of having an audience by cruelly teases Lennie, suggesting that George will never come back. â€Å"S’pose George don’t come back no more. S’pose he took a powder and just ain’t coming back. What’ll you do then?† Crooks is envious of Lennie and George’s relationship- they have everything that Lennie wants; a companionship. He repeats this question to Lennie several times, trying to see how strong George and Lennie’s bond is only to have Lennie reply: â€Å"He won’t do it† â€Å"George wouldn’t do nothing like that. I been with George a long time. He’ll come back tonight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Crooks, delighted by this reply continues to bombard Lennie with the same question. This however, is too much for Lennie compute; we know Crooks has gone too far , by asking this same question repeatedly Lennie can only think that something has happened to George. He relies on George so much- Lennie is only the animal part of their relationship; George is the mentally alert aspect. Lennie is shown to react in an animal-like manner: † Lennie’s eyes centered and grew quiet and mad†. It is at this point we know that Lennie’s strength is overtaking him, and this scene gives an idea of what is to come in the future. There are several similarities between Crooks and Lennie. They are both outsiders ;neither Crooks nor Lennie were invited to town that night. They both have great difficulty socialising with people, Lennie because he is not mentally able to, Crooks because of his colour. Another similarity is, no matter what, we know that both of them will never fulfil their dreams. Like all of the characters in the film, their dreams are unrealistic. Crooks is important in the play because like all the other characters he is isolated and lonely and he, at first, laughs at Lennie’s dream. This feeling of disbelief and scorn makes the reader feel that maybe George and Lennie’s dream is really only nonsense, as Crooks tells Lennie: â€Å"Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land. It’s just in their head .† Crooks sums up the dream and reality of migrant workers- they dream of independence, to be owned by no-one and have no-one to answer to but themselves ; but no-one ever realises their dream. This is an important part of the novel, because Steinbeck has used this point to sum up the rest of the book; none of the characters will realise their dreams. Now it is Crooks turn to invite another person into is bunk; it is at this point that Candy enters in this chapter. It is difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure because now, he has found another person who is willing to talk to him, and possibly treat him equally. Although the author doesn’t explicitly tell us that he is enjoying talking to the two men, it is clear that he longs for a more sociable and humane existence. Candy too brings up the idea that Lennie was talking about earlier : â€Å"I got it figured out. We can make some money on those rabbits if we go about it right.† Crooks says again that their dream is impossible. Candy however, refuses to believe this and goes over in detail their dream. This is the turning point for Crooks, because Candy’s determination and the amount of belief he shows in this dream is enough for Crooks to begin to think that the dream could be possible, and even though he understands that Lennie’s dream is impossible, he becomes captivated by the dream. He too is swept away by the dream of living off the â€Å"fat of the land†. † If you†¦guys would want a hand to work for nothing-just his keep, why I’d come an’ lend a hand. I ain’t so crippled I can’t work like a son-of-a-bitch if I want to.† The three men are disturbed by the arrival of Curley’s wife. She too has been left behind. She seeks out company but the men sense trouble and are unfriendly towards her. When she turns on Crooks, making thinly veiled threats and calling him a â€Å"nigger†, it reminds him of his low status on the ranch. Her words bring him back down to earth and make him realize that the dream is useless: he will never be treated as an equal. The ending of Chapter Four contrasts bleakly with the earlier optimism and enthusiasm of the three men, before the arrival of Curley’s wife. Perhaps the author intends the reader at this point to share Crooks’ cynicism about the dream and realize that it will come to nothing. All of the characters have expectations that are sometimes called the ‘Great American Dream’. This refers to the idea that people saw America as a ‘land of opportunity’ where ambitious people could fulfil their dreams. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck seems to be giving us ‘clues’ to tell us that things will go wrong and George and Lennie will never get the life they desire. The reality for people like Crooks, Candy, Lennie and George is summed up in a single line of the poem To a mouse ;from which the title of this poignant novel is taken : â€Å"The best-laid schemes o mice an men, Gang aft agley† (English: â€Å"Often go awry†).

Full Text of Oslo Accords Definition of Principles

Following is the full text of the Declaration of Principles on Palestinians interim self-government. The accord was signed on Sept. 13, 1993, on the White House lawn. Declaration of PrinciplesOn Interim Self-Government Arrangements(September 13, 1993) The Government of the State of Israel and the P.L.O. team (in the Jordanian-Palestinian delegation to the Middle East Peace Conference) (the Palestinian Delegation), representing the Palestinian people, agree that it is time to put an end to decades of confrontation and conflict, recognize their mutual legitimate and political rights, and strive to live in peaceful coexistence and mutual dignity and security and achieve a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement and historic reconciliation through the agreed political process. Accordingly, the, two sides agree to the following principles: ARTICLE IAIM OF THE NEGOTIATIONS The aim of the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations within the current Middle East peace process is, among other things, to establish a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority, the elected Council (the Council), for the Palestinian people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, for a transitional period not exceeding five years, leading to a permanent settlement based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. It is understood that the interim arrangements are an integral part of the whole peace process and that the negotiations on the permanent status will lead to the implementation of Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. ARTICLE IIFRAMEWORK FOR THE INTERIM PERIOD The agreed framework for the interim period is set forth in this Declaration of Principles. ARTICLE IIIELECTIONS These elections will constitute a significant interim preparatory step toward the realization of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and their just requirements. ARTICLE IVJURISDICTION Jurisdiction of the Council will cover West Bank and Gaza Strip territory, except for issues that will be negotiated in the permanent status negotiations. The two sides view the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as a single territorial unit, whose integrity will be preserved during the interim period. ARTICLE VTRANSITIONAL PERIOD AND PERMANENT STATUS NEGOTIATIONS The five-year transitional period will begin upon the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area. Permanent status negotiations will commence as soon as possible, but not later than the beginning of the third year of the interim period, between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian people representatives. It is understood that these negotiations shall cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest. The two parties agree that the outcome of the permanent status negotiations should not be prejudiced or preempted by agreements reached for the interim period. ARTICLE VIPREPARATORY TRANSFER OF POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Upon the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles and the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area, a transfer of authority from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to the authorised Palestinians for this task, as detailed herein, will commence. This transfer of authority will be of a preparatory nature until the inauguration of the Council. Immediately after the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles and the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, with the view to promoting economic development in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, authority will be transferred to the Palestinians on the following spheres: education and culture, health, social welfare, direct taxation, and tourism. The Palestinian side will commence in building the Palestinian police force, as agreed upon. Pending the inauguration of the Council, the two parties may negotiate the transfer of additional powers and responsibilities, as agreed upon. ARTICLE VIIINTERIM AGREEMENT The Israeli and Palestinian delegations will negotiate an agreement on the interim period (the Interim Agreement) The Interim Agreement shall specify, among other things, the structure of the Council, the number of its members, and the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to the Council. The Interim Agreement shall also specify the Councils executive authority, legislative authority in accordance with Article IX below, and the independent Palestinian judicial organs. The Interim Agreement shall include arrangements, to be implemented upon the inauguration of the Council, for the assumption by the Council of all of the powers and responsibilities transferred previously in accordance with Article VI above. In order to enable the Council to promote economic growth, upon its inauguration, the Council will establish, among other things, a Palestinian Electricity Authority, a Gaza Sea Port Authority, a Palestinian Development Bank, a Palestinian Export Promotion Board, a Palestinian Environmental Authority, a Palestinian Land Authority and a Palestinian Water Administration Authority, and any other Authorities agreed upon, in accordance with the Interim Agreement that will specify their powers and responsibilities. After the inauguration of the Council, the Civil Administration will be dissolved, and the Israeli military government will be withdrawn. ARTICLE VIIIPUBLIC ORDER AND SECURITY In order to guarantee public order and internal security for the Palestinians of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Council will establish a strong police force, while Israel will continue to carry the responsibility for defending against external threats, as well as the responsibility for overall security of Israelis for the purpose of safeguarding their internal security and public order. ARTICLE IXLAWS AND MILITARY ORDERS The Council will be empowered to legislate, in accordance with the Interim Agreement, within all authorities transferred to it. Both parties will review jointly laws and military orders presently in force in remaining spheres. ARTICLE XJOINT ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN LIAISON COMMITTEE In order to provide for a smooth implementation of this Declaration of Principles and any subsequent agreements pertaining to the interim period, upon the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, a Joint Israeli-Palestinian Liaison Committee will be established in order to deal with issues requiring coordination, other issues of common interest, and disputes. ARTICLE XIISRAELI-PALESTINIAN COOPERATION IN ECONOMIC FIELDS Recognizing the mutual benefit of cooperation in promoting the development of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Israel, upon the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, an Israeli-Palestinian Economic Cooperation Committee will be established in order to develop and implement in a cooperative manner the programs identified in the protocols attached as Annex III and Annex IV . ARTICLE XIILIAISON AND COOPERATION WITH JORDAN AND EGYPT The two parties will invite the Governments of Jordan and Egypt to participate in establishing further liaison and cooperation arrangements between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian representatives, on the one hand, and the Governments of Jordan and Egypt, on the other hand, to promote cooperation between them. These arrangements will include the constitution of a Continuing Committee that will decide by agreement on the modalities of admission of persons displaced from the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, together with necessary measures to prevent disruption and disorder. Other matters of common concern will be dealt with by this Committee. ARTICLE XIIIREDEPLOYMENT OF ISRAELI FORCES After the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, and not later than the eve of elections for the Council, a redeployment of Israeli military forces in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip will take place, in addition to withdrawal of Israeli forces carried out in accordance with Article XIV. In redeploying its military forces, Israel will be guided by the principle that its military forces should be redeployed outside populated areas. Further redeployments to specified locations will be gradually implemented commensurate with the assumption of responsibility for public order and internal security by the Palestinian police force pursuant to Article VIII above. ARTICLE XIVISRAELI WITHDRAWAL FROM THE GAZA STRIP AND JERICHO AREA Israel will withdraw from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, as detailed in the protocol attached as Annex II. ARTICLE XVRESOLUTION OF DISPUTES Disputes arising out of the application or interpretation of this Declaration of Principles. or any subsequent agreements pertaining to the interim period, shall be resolved by negotiations through the Joint Liaison Committee to be established pursuant to Article X above. Disputes which cannot be settled by negotiations may be resolved by a mechanism of conciliation to be agreed upon by the parties. The parties may agree to submit to arbitration disputes relating to the interim period, which cannot be settled through conciliation. To this end, upon the agreement of both parties, the parties will establish an Arbitration Committee. ARTICLE XVIISRAELI-PALESTINIAN COOPERATION CONCERNING REGIONAL PROGRAMS Both parties view the multilateral working groups as an appropriate instrument for promoting a Marshall Plan, the regional programs and other programs, including special programs for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as indicated in the protocol attached as Annex IV . ARTICLE XVIIMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS This Declaration of Principles will enter into force one month after its signing. All protocols annexed to this Declaration of Principles and Agreed Minutes pertaining thereto shall be regarded as an integral part hereof. Done at Washington, D.C., this thirteenth day of September, 1993. For the Government of IsraelFor the P.L.O. Witnessed By: The United States of AmericaThe Russian Federation ANNEX IPROTOCOL ON THE MODE AND CONDITIONS OF ELECTIONS Palestinians of Jerusalem who live there will have the right to participate in the election process, according to an agreement between the two sides. In addition, the election agreement should cover, among other things, the following issues: the system of elections; the mode of the agreed supervision and international observation and their personal composition; and rules and regulations regarding election campaign, including agreed arrangements for the organizing of mass media, and the possibility of licensing a broadcasting and TV station. The future status of displaced Palestinians who were registered on 4th June 1967 will not be prejudiced because they are unable to participate in the election process due to practical reasons. ANNEX IIPROTOCOL ON WITHDRAWAL OF ISRAELI FORCES FROM THE GAZA STRIP AND JERICHO AREA The two sides will conclude and sign within two months from the date of entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, an agreement on the withdrawal of Israeli military forces from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area. This agreement will include comprehensive arrangements to apply in the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area subsequent to the Israeli withdrawal. Israel will implement an accelerated and scheduled withdrawal of Israeli military forces from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, beginning immediately with the signing of the agreement on the Gaza Strip and Jericho area and to be completed within a period not exceeding four months after the signing of this agreement. The above agreement will include, among other things: Arrangements for a smooth and peaceful transfer of authority from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to the Palestinian representatives. Structure, powers and responsibilities of the Palestinian authority in these areas, except: external security, settlements, Israelis, foreign relations, and other mutually agreed matters. Arrangements for the assumption of internal security and public order by the Palestinian police force consisting of police officers recruited locally and from abroad holding Jordanian passports and Palestinian documents issued by Egypt). Those who will participate in the Palestinian police force coming from abroad should be trained as police and police officers. A temporary international or foreign presence, as agreed upon. Establishment of a joint Palestinian-Israeli Coordination and Cooperation Committee for mutual security purposes. An economic development and stabilization program, including the establishment of an Emergency Fund, to encourage foreign investment, and financial and economic support. Both sides will coordinate and cooperate jointly and unilaterally with regional and international parties to support these aims. Arrangements for a safe passage for persons and transportation between the Gaza Strip and Jericho area. The above agreement will include arrangements for coordination between both parties regarding passages: Gaza - Egypt; and Jericho - Jordan. The offices responsible for carrying out the powers and responsibilities of the Palestinian authority under this Annex II and Article VI of the Declaration of Principles will be located in the Gaza Strip and in the Jericho area pending the inauguration of the Council. Other than these agreed arrangements, the status of the Gaza Strip and Jericho area will continue to be an integral part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and will not be changed in the interim period. ANNEX IIIPROTOCOL ON ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN COOPERATION IN ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS The two sides agree to establish an Israeli-Palestinian continuing Committee for Economic Cooperation, focusing, among other things, on the following: Cooperation in the field of water, including a Water Development Program prepared by experts from both sides, which will also specify the mode of cooperation in the management of water resources in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and will include proposals for studies and plans on water rights of each party, as well as on the equitable utilization of joint water resources for implementation in and beyond the interim period. Cooperation in the field of electricity, including an Electricity Development Program, which will also specify the mode of cooperation for the production, maintenance, purchase and sale of electricity resources. Cooperation in the field of energy, including an Energy Development Program, which will provide for the exploitation of oil and gas for industrial purposes, particularly in the Gaza Strip and in the Negev, and will encourage further joint exploitation of other energy resources. This Program may also provide for the construction of a Petrochemical industrial complex in the Gaza Strip and the construction of oil and gas pipelines. Cooperation in the field of finance, including a Financial Development and Action Program for the encouragement of international investment in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and in Israel, as well as the establishment of a Palestinian Development Bank. Cooperation in the field of transport and communications, including a Program, which will define guidelines for the establishment of a Gaza Sea Port Area, and will provide for the establishing of transport and communications lines to and from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to Israel and to other countries. In addition, this Program will provide for carrying out the necessary construction of roads, railways, communications lines, etc. Cooperation in the field of trade, including studies, and Trade Promotion Programs, which will encourage local, regional and inter-regional trade, as well as a feasibility study of creating free trade zones in the Gaza Strip and in Israel, mutual access to these zones, and cooperation in other areas related to trade and commerce. Cooperation in the field of industry, including Industrial Development Programs, which will provide for the establishment of joint Israeli- Palestinian Industrial Research and Development Centers, will promote Palestinian-Israeli joint ventures, and provide guidelines for cooperation in the textile, food, pharmaceutical, electronics, diamonds, computer and science-based industries. A program for cooperation in, and regulation of, labor relations and cooperation in social welfare issues. A Human Resources Development and Cooperation Plan, providing for joint Israeli-Palestinian workshops and seminars, and for the establishment of joint vocational training centers, research institutes and data banks. An Environmental Protection Plan, providing for joint and/or coordinated measures in this sphere. A program for developing coordination and cooperation in the field of communication and media. Any other programs of mutual interest. ANNEX IVPROTOCOL ON ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN COOPERATION CONCERNING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS The two sides will cooperate in the context of the multilateral peace efforts in promoting a Development Program for the region, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, to be initiated by the G-7. The parties will request the G-7 to seek the participation in this program of other interested states, such as members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, regional Arab states and institutions, as well as members of the private sector. The Development Program will consist of two elements: an Economic Development Program for the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. a Regional Economic Development Program. A Social Rehabilitation Program, including a Housing and Construction Program. A Small and Medium Business Development Plan. An Infrastructure Development Program (water, electricity, transportation and communications, etc.) A Human Resources Plan. Other programs. The establishment of a Middle East Development Fund, as a first step, and a Middle East Development Bank, as a second step. The development of a joint Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian Plan for coordinated exploitation of the Dead Sea area. The Mediterranean Sea (Gaza) - Dead Sea Canal. Regional Desalinization and other water development projects. A regional plan for agricultural development, including a coordinated regional effort for the prevention of desertification. Interconnection of electricity grids. Regional cooperation for the transfer, distribution and industrial exploitation of gas, oil and other energy resources. A Regional Tourism, Transportation and Telecommunications Development Plan. Regional cooperation in other spheres. The two sides will encourage the multilateral working groups, and will coordinate towards their success. The two parties will encourage intersessional activities, as well as pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, within the various multilateral working groups. AGREED MINUTES TO THE DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES ON INTERIM SELF-GOVERNMENT ARRANGEMENTS A. GENERAL UNDERSTANDINGS AND AGREEMENTS Any powers and responsibilities transferred to the Palestinians pursuant to the Declaration of Principles prior to the inauguration of the Council will be subject to the same principles pertaining to Article IV, as set out in these Agreed Minutes below. B. SPECIFIC UNDERSTANDINGS AND AGREEMENTS Article IV It is understood that: Jurisdiction of the Council will cover West Bank and Gaza Strip territory, except for issues that will be negotiated in the permanent status negotiations: Jerusalem, settlements, military locations, and Israelis. The Councils jurisdiction will apply with regard to the agreed powers, responsibilities, spheres and authorities transferred to it. Article VI (2) It is agreed that the transfer of authority will be as follows: The Palestinian side will inform the Israeli side of the names of the authorised Palestinians who will assume the powers, authorities and responsibilities that will be transferred to the Palestinians according to the Declaration of Principles in the following fields: education and culture, health, social welfare, direct taxation, tourism, and any other authorities agreed upon. It is understood that the rights and obligations of these offices will not be affected. Each of the spheres described above will continue to enjoy existing budgetary allocations in accordance with arrangements to be mutually agreed upon. These arrangements also will provide for the necessary adjustments required in order to take into account the taxes collected by the direct taxation office. Upon the execution of the Declaration of Principles, the Israeli and Palestinian delegations will immediately commence negotiations on a detailed plan for the transfer of authority on the above offices in accordance with the above understandings. Article VII (2) The Interim Agreement will also include arrangements for coordination and cooperation. Article VII (5) The withdrawal of the military government will not prevent Israel from exercising the powers and responsibilities not transferred to the Council. Article VIII It is understood that the Interim Agreement will include arrangements for cooperation and coordination between the two parties in this regard. It is also agreed that the transfer of powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian police will be accomplished in a phased manner, as agreed in the Interim Agreement. Article X It is agreed that, upon the entry into force of the Declaration of Principles, the Israeli and Palestinian delegations will exchange the names of the individuals designated by them as members of the Joint Israeli-Palestinian Liaison Committee. It is further agreed that each side will have an equal number of members in the Joint Committee. The Joint Committee will reach decisions by agreement. The Joint Committee may add other technicians and experts, as necessary. The Joint Committee will decide on the frequency and place or places of its meetings. Annex II It is understood that, subsequent to the Israeli withdrawal, Israel will continue to be responsible for external security, and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israelis. Israeli military forces and civilians may continue to use roads freely within the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area. Done at Washington, D.C., this thirteenth day of September, 1993. For the Government of IsraelFor the P.L.O. Witnessed By: The United States of AmericaThe Russian Federation